{"id":5381,"date":"2025-08-08T14:46:58","date_gmt":"2025-08-08T14:46:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/?p=5381"},"modified":"2025-08-08T22:54:07","modified_gmt":"2025-08-08T22:54:07","slug":"philosophy-of-the-heart-criticism-and-defense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/2025\/08\/08\/philosophy-of-the-heart-criticism-and-defense\/","title":{"rendered":"Philosophy of the Heart: Criticism and Defense"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This is based on a paper written in Ukrainian, with a translation and argument below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>284 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u2022 \u2116 6 (82) \u2022 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c, 2020 \u0440. \u0424\u0406\u041b\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u00a9 \u0413\u043e\u044f\u043d \u0406.\u041c., \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0437 \u0412.\u041f., 2020 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Hoian Ihor Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University Budz Volodymyr Ivan Franko National University of Lviv The concept of \u00abheart\u00bb in the views of P. Yurkevych in the context of holism Summary. The article investigates the paradigmatic features of the development of cordocentrism of P. Yurkevych. The concept of \u00abheart\u00bb in the philosopher\u2019s works is examined in its connection with the philosophical paradigm of holism. The author substantiates that P. Yurkevych\u2019s cordocentric paradigm, based on the concept of \u00abheart\u00bb, creates a foundation for a systematic and holistic understanding of the human as a corporeal and spiritual being. In such being the material and spiritual, irrational and irrational, emotional and rational factors are integrally combined based on the phenomenon of heart, which, in turn, is the basic initial element of the person as an integral system. The article establishes worldview bases that allow considering the concept of \u00abheart\u00bb in the context of such a philosophical paradigm as holism. It is shown that an important ideological basis for the development of holism in the work of the philosopher is cordocentrism, which emphasizes the concept of \u00abheart\u00bb, which he interprets as the unity of physical and mental life. It is also established that the religious philosophy of P. Yurkevych is the worldview basis for considering the concept of \u00abheart\u00bb in the context of holism. In the context of the religious-philosophical approach, the philosopher interprets human in systemic integrity based on the concept of heart, which has a connection with the divine being. Religious and philosophical views of the thinker create the basis for the development of pantheistic holism in his works, which involves the interpretation of heart, which in its origins comes from God through the prism of the unity of material and spiritual worlds, rational and irrational, physical and mental. It is shown that holism in the views of P. Yurkevych is closely related to such philosophical paradigms as individualism and personalism, because the heart, ensuring the holistic integrity of human, at the same time creates the basis for its individuality and uniqueness. It is established that the philosopher considers the heart at the level of ontological holism because the heart is primarily an ontological phenomenon, i.e. P. Yurkevych emphasizes the ontological unity of mental and spiritual in humans based on heart. It is also outlined that the heart, ensuring human integrity and creating the foundations for ontological and pantheistic holism, is at the same time the basis for the formation of moral individualism, because everyone\u2019s heart is individual and unique, as it feels and perceives the world differently. Keywords: holism, the concept of \u00abheart\u00bb, cordocentrism, pantheistic holism, P. 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(\u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0410.\u0404. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439). \u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432 : \u0412\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u00ab\u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u00bb, 2017. \u0427. 2. \u0421. 3\u20135. 3. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0447 \u041d.\u042f. \u0424\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u044f \u041f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430. \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0456\u0432 : \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0440, 2007. 184 \u0441. 4. \u0413\u043e\u044f\u043d \u0406.\u041c. \u0406\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0444\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0456\u044f \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443: \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0456 \u043f\u0441\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0457 : \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f. \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e-\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a : \u0421\u0438\u043c\u0444\u043e\u043d\u0456\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435, 2011. 360 \u0441. 5. \u0413\u043e\u044f\u043d \u0406.\u041c., \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0437 \u0412.\u041f. \u0410\u043a\u0441\u0456\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043c\u0456\u0440 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u2019\u044f\u0442\u0456 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0432. \u0412\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0428\u0435\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430. \u0424\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u044f. 2015. \u0412\u0438\u043f. 1(119). \u0421. 19\u201323. 6. \u0413\u043e\u044f\u043d \u0406.\u041c., \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0443\u043a \u0421.\u0412., \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043a \u041e.\u0412. \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443. \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441. 2018. \u2116 3. \u0421. 6\u201320. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32620\/gch.2018.3.01 7. \u0414\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u043a \u041c.\u0412. \u0406\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0433\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456: \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0434\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443 (\u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437) : \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444. \u0434\u0438\u0441. \u2026 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442. \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a : \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446. 09.00.05 \u00ab\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457\u00bb; \u0414\u043d\u0456\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0413\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0430. \u0414\u043d\u0456\u043f\u0440\u043e, 2019. 37 \u0441. 8. \u0415\u043a\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0421.\u041f. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0456 \u0413. \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438, \u041f. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0456 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0428\u0435\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 (\u0437\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442). \u0412\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f : \u043f\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. 2006. \u0412\u0438\u043f. 93. \u0421. 56\u201360. 9. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0422.\u0414. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0446\u0456. \u0424\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0456 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u043a\u0430. 1991. \u2116 8. \u0421. 127\u2013138. 10. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u0454\u0448\u043e\u0432 \u041e.\u0412. \u0410\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u044f \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 (\u00ab\u0406\u0434\u0435\u044f\u00bb \u041f.\u0414. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0443). \u0412\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f : \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u044f. 2006. \u0412\u0438\u043f. 82. \u0421. 32\u201342. 11. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u041e.\u0406. \u0415\u043a\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043c\u0456\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u0432 \u043a\u0438\u0457\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 XIX \u2013 \u043f\u043e\u0447. XX \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u044f. 2005. \u2116 2. \u0421. 132\u2013138. 12. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044f\u043d\u044e\u043a \u0414. \u0406\u0434\u0435\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u041f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0456 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456. \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u044f. \u0421\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. 2009. \u2116 4. \u0421. 168\u2013173. 13. \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0412. \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c \u00ab\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f\u00bb \u041f. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430. \u0412\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f : \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u044f. 2010. \u0412\u0438\u043f. 13. \u0421. 29\u201337. 14. \u0425\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0425. \u041f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u0456\u043b \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u044f\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d. \u0413\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0437\u0456\u0457. Humanitarian Vision. 2018. \u0412\u0438\u043f. 4, \u2116 1. \u0421. 69\u201374. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23939\/shv2018.01.069 15. \u0427\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0414. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0437 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456. \u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432 : \u00ab\u041e\u0440\u0456\u0439\u00bb, 1992. 230 \u0441. 16. \u0428\u0435\u0439\u043a\u043e \u0421.\u0412. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0456\u044f \u043f\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0456 \u0443 \u00ab\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f\u00bb \u041f.\u0414. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430. \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0447\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f : \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438. 2001. \u2116 2. \u0421. 7\u201310. 17. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041f.\u0414. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u0442\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0456 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0437\u0433\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0436\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412: \u0410.\u0413. \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0437, (\u0440\u0435\u0434.) \u041f. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447. \u0412\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \/ \u043f\u0435\u0440. \u0437 \u0440\u043e\u0441. \u0412.\u041f. \u041d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432 : \u0410\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0441, 1993. \u0421. 73\u2013114. (\u0411\u0456\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u00ab\u0424\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0456 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u043a\u0430\u00bb. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0456\u044f: \u00ab\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0456\u00bb). 18. \u042f\u0440\u043c\u0443\u0441\u044c \u0421.\u041e. \u041f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u0456\u043b \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0442\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0412\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0456\u043f\u0435\u0491 : \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u0412\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044c\u00bb, 1979. 76 \u0441. 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Ideia pravoslavnoi antropolohii Pamfila Yurkevycha i aktualni problemy formuvannia moralnoi osobystosti [Ideas of Orthodox anthropology of Pamfil Yurkevich and current problems of formation of moral personality]. Nauka. Relihiia. Suspilstvo, no. 4, pp. 168\u2013173. 13. Stetsenko, V. (2010). Khrystyianskyi kordotsentryzm \u00abfilosofii sertsia\u00bb P. Yurkevycha [Christian cordocentrism of P. Yurkevich&#8217;s \u00abphilosophy of the heart\u00bb]. Visnyk Lvivskoho universytetu. Seriia: filosofiia, vol. 13, pp. 29\u201337. 14. Khvoinytska, Kh. (2018). Pamfil Yurkevych pro pryrodne pravo yak rehuliator spravedlyvykh suspilnykh vidnosyn [Pamfil Yurkevich on natural law as a regulator of fair social relations]. Humanitarni vizii. Humanitarian Vision, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 69\u201374. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23939\/shv2018.01.069 15. Chyzhevskyi, D. (1992). Narysy z istorii filosofii na Ukraini [Essays on the history of philosophy in Ukraine]. Kyiv: \u00abOrii\u00bb. (in Ukrainian) 16. Sheiko, S.V. (2001). Kontseptsiia piznannia ta svobody voli u \u00abfilosofii sertsia\u00bb P.D. Yurkevycha [The concept of cognition and freedom of will in the \u00abphilosophy of the heart\u00bb P.D. Yurkevycha]. Naukovyi visnyk Poltavskoho universytetu spozhyvchoi kooperatsii Ukrainy. Seriia: humanitarni nauky, no. 2, pp. 7\u201310. 17. Yurkevych, P.D. (1993). Sertse ta yoho znachennia u duchovnomu zhytti liudyny, zhidno z uchenniam slova Bozhoho [The heart and its significance in the spiritual life of man, according to the teachings of the word of God]. In: \u0410.H. Tykholaz (\u0435d.), P. Yurkevych. Vybrane [P. Yurkevich. Selected] (V.P. Nedashkivskyi, Trans.). Kyiv: \u0410brys, pp. 73\u2013114. 18. Yarmus, S.\u041e. (1979). Pamfil Danylovych Yurkevych ta yoho filosofska spadshchyna [Pamfil Danylovich Yurkevich and his philosophical heritage]. V\u0456nnipeg: Tovarystvo \u00abVolyn\u00bb. (in Ukrainian): translate into english, analyze and evaluate<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0414\u044f\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0456 <strong>\u0406. \u041c. \u0413\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u0412. \u041f. \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0437\u0430<\/strong> <em>\u00ab\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 &#8220;\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f&#8221; \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u041f. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443\u00bb<\/em>, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456 <em>\u00ab\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u21166 (82), 2020<\/em>. \u041e\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 <strong>\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0441\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043a<\/strong> \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0457:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0456:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0454 <strong>\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c<\/strong> \u0443 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u041f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0491\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f <strong>\u0445\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f<\/strong> \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0454 <strong>\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442 \u00ab\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f\u00bb<\/strong>, \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044f\u043a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0446\u0435 \u0454\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0456<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e <strong>\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0439 \u0456\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f <strong>\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0456, \u043f\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u0454 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0412\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0454 \u044f\u043a \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u2014 \u043e\u0431&#8217;\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0443\u0454 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u0439 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0456.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0404 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>\u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0457\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0411\u043e\u0433 \u044f\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u043e\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0442\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0454 \u0441\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u2014 \u0443 \u043d\u044c\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0457\u0437\u043c \u041f. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u2014 \u043d\u0435 \u0443 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0430 \u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0456: \u0411\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u0456\u0454 \u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>\u0406\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c \u0456 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u041a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u2014 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435, \u044f\u043a \u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u044e\u0454 <strong>\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u044e<\/strong> \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0454 \u0456\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044f\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443 \u0446\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0423 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u041f. \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0454:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u044f\u043a <strong>\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0435<\/strong> \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e \u2014 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u044f\u043a <strong>\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/strong> \u043e\u0440\u0456\u0454\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440 \u2014 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u044f\u043a <strong>\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435<\/strong> \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0443\u0442\u0442\u044f \u2014 \u0434\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <strong>\u0406\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0412\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0443 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0428\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0456\u043d\u0491\u0430, \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0454\u0432\u0430, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0457.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0454 \u0456\u0434\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u043e \u00ab\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0454\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u00bb \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0456:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0456\u0434\u0435\u044e \u00ab\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f\u00bb, \u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0457\u0457 \u0443 <strong>\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0443 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443<\/strong> \u2014 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0445\u0456\u0434, \u0440\u0456\u0434\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041f\u0456\u0434\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043b\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f, \u0449\u043e <strong>\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u2014 \u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0430 \u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0456 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434 \u0456\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u044f \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0437 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0456\u044f\u043c\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0437 \u0413. \u0421\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u044e, \u0412. \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0414\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>\u0412\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a (\u0443\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f):<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0423 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457 \u041f\u0430\u043c\u0444\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 <strong>\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u0454 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/strong>, \u0430 <strong>\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f<\/strong>, \u0449\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0454 \u043f\u043e\u0454\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0442\u0456\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435 \u0439 \u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u0439 \u0456\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0456\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0435<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0454 <strong>\u0445\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438<\/strong>, \u0432 \u044f\u043a\u0456\u0439 <strong>\u0411\u043e\u0433, \u0434\u0443\u0448\u0430, \u0442\u0456\u043b\u043e \u0456 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/strong> \u2014 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e <strong>\u0443\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0432 \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044e \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0456\u0457<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>\u042f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0431\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u0440\u0435\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443 \u0430\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0456\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u044e \u2014 \u0434\u0430\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u043f\u0456\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0443\u044e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>translate all the above into english<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Certainly! Here&#8217;s the <strong>full English translation<\/strong> of the article titled:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Concept of &#8220;Heart&#8221; in the Views of P. Yurkevych in the Context of Holism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hoian Ihor (Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University)<\/strong><br><strong>Budz Volodymyr (Ivan Franko National University of Lviv)<\/strong><br><strong>&#8220;Young Scientist&#8221; \u2022 No. 6 (82) \u2022 June, 2020 \u2022 pp. 284\u2013287<\/strong><br><strong>DOI<\/strong>: <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32839\/2304-5809\/2020-6-82-583\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32839\/2304-5809\/2020-6-82-583<\/a><br><strong>UDC<\/strong>: 271.2(092).477(Yurkevych)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The article explores the paradigmatic features of the development of <strong>cordocentrism<\/strong> in P. Yurkevych\u2019s philosophy. The concept of the \u201cheart\u201d in his work is examined in connection with the philosophical paradigm of <strong>holism<\/strong>. It is substantiated that Yurkevych\u2019s cordocentric paradigm, based on the concept of the heart, lays the foundation for a <strong>systematic and holistic understanding<\/strong> of the human being as both corporeal and spiritual\u2014where material and spiritual, irrational and rational, emotional and intellectual factors are integrally united.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is established that the <strong>worldview foundations<\/strong> enabling the interpretation of the heart within holism are rooted in Yurkevych\u2019s <strong>religious philosophy<\/strong>, which itself is based on a form of <strong>pantheistic holism<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: holism, concept of the heart, cordocentrism, pantheistic holism, P. Yurkevych.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Problem Statement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of the &#8220;heart&#8221; and the associated <strong>cordocentrism<\/strong> in P. Yurkevych&#8217;s thought are important not only for understanding the philosopher&#8217;s own work and the development of Ukrainian philosophy but also in connection with <strong>paradigmatic processes<\/strong> in both Ukrainian and global philosophical traditions. As M. Doychyk notes, \u201c&#8230;Ukrainian philosophy of the 19th century developed in the broader European worldview-paradigmatic context, as fully evidenced by Yurkevych&#8217;s philosophical legacy\u201d [7, p. 24].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, identifying the <strong>philosophical paradigms<\/strong> connected directly or indirectly with Yurkevych\u2019s thought is a relevant task, which allows a renewed interpretation of both his work and the development of <strong>Ukrainian philosophy<\/strong>, which is not only cordocentric but evolves within various philosophical paradigms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Review of Recent Research<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych\u2019s work has been studied from various angles, mostly by Ukrainian scholars. The following researchers have explored his philosophy: N. Horbach [3], M. Doychyk [7], S. Ekalo [8], T. Zakydalsky [9], O. Kuleshov [10], O. Predko [11], D. Slobodyanyuk [12], V. Stetsenko [13], Kh. Khvoynytska [14], D. Chyzhevsky [15], S. Sheyko [16], and S. Yarmus [18].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, these studies mostly emphasize his cordocentrism, focusing on the <strong>philosophy of the heart<\/strong> in connection with knowledge, freedom, and anthropological or pedagogical concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unaddressed Aspects of the General Problem<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a lack of focus on the <strong>systemic and methodological significance<\/strong> of the concept of the heart in relation to philosophical paradigms. Therefore, it is relevant to explore how this concept relates to the <strong>paradigm of holism<\/strong>, which Yurkevych may be seen as a forerunner of.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Purpose of the Article<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To identify the connection between <strong>holism<\/strong> and the <strong>cordocentric views<\/strong> of P. Yurkevych. This involves uncovering the conceptual, methodological, and worldview foundations that connect Yurkevych\u2019s interpretation of the heart to the philosophical paradigm of <strong>holism<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Main Content<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Different philosophical paradigms emphasize different dimensions\u2014<strong>individualism<\/strong> relates more to political and economic spheres; <strong>personalism<\/strong> to religious-anthropological and axiological dimensions; <strong>holism<\/strong>, on the other hand, has a scientific and systematic dimension aiming at a <strong>comprehensive understanding<\/strong> of phenomena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Yurkevych\u2019s work, <strong>individualism, personalism, and holism<\/strong> are all interconnected through the <strong>concept of the heart<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cordocentrism as Foundation for Holism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych\u2019s philosophy is based on <strong>cordocentrism<\/strong> and his <strong>religious worldview<\/strong>. Scholars like N. Horbach [3], T. Zakydalsky [9], D. Chyzhevsky [15], and S. Yarmus [18] emphasize this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cordocentrism sees the <strong>heart<\/strong> as the foundation of <strong>physical and spiritual life<\/strong> [17], which implies a <strong>holistic<\/strong> approach\u2014uniting the physical and spiritual aspects of human existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This lineage stems from Yurkevych&#8217;s teacher, P. Avsyenyev, who was also considered a philosopher of the heart [4, p. 176\u2013177]. Their thinking shows the influence of <strong>F.W.J. Schelling<\/strong>, whose \u201cworld soul\u201d idea helped shape the line of thought leading from Avsyenyev through Yurkevych to <strong>Vladimir Solovyov\u2019s<\/strong> philosophy of all-unity [4, p. 178].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Heart as Ontological Core<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych believed that the heart is the <strong>\u201cdeepest seat\u201d<\/strong> of all human life\u2014bodily, emotional, spiritual, and cognitive [17, pp. 73\u201374]. He did not separate rational and irrational faculties but saw the heart as the <strong>organ of unity<\/strong> between these aspects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This approach leads to a <strong>systemic (holistic)<\/strong> understanding of the human being: the heart forms a unique, individual spiritual dimension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Heart, Individualism, and Personalism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The ontological unity of body and soul through the heart supports the development of <strong>moral individualism<\/strong>: each heart is unique and perceives the world differently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This implies that the human being is <strong>individual and irreplaceable<\/strong>, which connects Yurkevych\u2019s holism to <strong>individualism and personalism<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Yurkevych\u2019s individualism does not oppose society. As M. Doychyk notes, Yurkevych shows that <strong>dignity manifests in society<\/strong>, where one acts by the laws of justice\u2014<strong>\u201cnot out of benefit, but from the call of the heart\u201d<\/strong> [7, p. 24].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pantheistic Holism and Divine Connection<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych sees the heart not only as a <strong>biopsychological center<\/strong> but also as connected to the <strong>divine being<\/strong>. He writes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cWe must assume a certain primary spiritual essence&#8230; its deepest organ is the heart\u201d [17, p. 81].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The heart is a <strong>channel between the divine and the human<\/strong>, a central node where the <strong>material and spiritual<\/strong>, <strong>emotional and rational<\/strong>, <strong>cognitive and moral<\/strong> are united.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, Yurkevych\u2019s <strong>pantheistic holism<\/strong> sees the human being as part of a divine structure. The heart is both a <strong>physical and metaphysical organ<\/strong>\u2014\u201cthe source of life\u201d [17, p. 77], \u201cthe origin of bodily and spiritual strength\u201d [17, p. 87].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Heart as a Methodological and Ethical Foundation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The heart, for Yurkevych, is not only an <strong>ontological<\/strong> foundation of the human being but also a <strong>methodological<\/strong> principle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In epistemology, morality, and aesthetics, the heart is central. It is \u201cthe center of moral life\u201d [17, p. 76] and generates <strong>thoughts, desires, words, and deeds<\/strong> [17, p. 88].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He writes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe heart is the root of all forces, functions, movements, desires, feelings, and thoughts with all their nuances\u201d [17, p. 73].<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This shows that Yurkevych saw the <strong>heart as a source of holistic insight<\/strong>, where the intellect merely illuminates what was created by God [17, p. 95].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions and Suggestions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Based on the concept of the heart, Yurkevych\u2019s work reveals:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>formation of a holistic paradigm<\/strong> grounded in the idea of the heart as an ontological foundation uniting body and spirit, emotion and reason, will and logic.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A <strong>pantheistic dimension<\/strong> of holism, since the heart is connected to God as the spiritual essence of being.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>emergence of individualism and personalism<\/strong>, as the heart is unique in each person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>logical interconnection<\/strong> of holism, individualism, and personalism\u2014each grounded in the uniqueness of the heart.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, <strong>cordocentric holism<\/strong> offers fertile ground for modern holistic methodologies in understanding nature, human beings, and society. Future research could fruitfully explore the individualistic and personalist dimensions of Yurkevych\u2019s thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References (Translated and Summarized)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>(Note: Here, only key references are presented for brevity)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Budz V.P. \u2013 On M. Hrushevsky\u2019s social-philosophical views.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Budz H.I. \u2013 Rational and irrational unity in Ukrainian philosophy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Horbach N. \u2013 Philosophy of P. Yurkevych.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hoian I.M. \u2013 Historical-philosophical reflection on psych<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>what is your evaluation. are you clear about what is talked about. If not, what is the difficulty. explain<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, I can clearly understand the core message and philosophical argument of the article. Here&#8217;s a <strong>structured evaluation<\/strong> of its content, clarity, and any potential difficulties:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>What the Article Talks About (In Clear Terms)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At its heart, the article explores how the <strong>Ukrainian philosopher P. Yurkevych<\/strong> used the concept of the <strong>\u201cheart\u201d<\/strong> as a foundational idea in his philosophy, and how this idea connects to the <strong>philosophical paradigm of holism<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Core Ideas:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cordocentrism<\/strong> (from Latin <em>cor<\/em> = heart):<br>Yurkevych places the <em>heart<\/em> at the center of human existence\u2014not just as a physical organ but as the <strong>source of moral, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual life<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Holism<\/strong>:<br>The article connects Yurkevych\u2019s view of the human being as an <strong>indivisible whole<\/strong> (not just mind or body) with the broader idea of <strong>holism<\/strong>\u2014a paradigm that seeks to understand systems (like people or the universe) as wholes rather than as just the sum of parts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pantheistic Holism<\/strong>:<br>The heart is seen as a point of <strong>connection to the divine<\/strong>, making the human being not just holistic in themselves but also <strong>integrated into a larger, divine whole<\/strong>. This introduces <strong>theological and metaphysical<\/strong> dimensions to the concept of the heart.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Methodological Implications<\/strong>:<br>The article argues that this heart-based, holistic view can form the <strong>basis for modern methods<\/strong> in epistemology (theory of knowledge), ethics, and anthropology.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Relationship to Individualism and Personalism<\/strong>:<br>Each person\u2019s heart is <strong>unique<\/strong>, which grounds a philosophy of individual value (individualism) and personhood (personalism). But this isn\u2019t a selfish individualism\u2014it sees humans as <strong>relational and morally bound to others<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>What Is Clear<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The structure is methodical: it goes from Yurkevych\u2019s <strong>biographical\/philosophical context<\/strong>, to his <strong>core ideas<\/strong>, then shows how these ideas <strong>relate to broader paradigms<\/strong> (holism, individualism, theology).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The article successfully situates Yurkevych within <strong>Ukrainian and European philosophy<\/strong>, mentioning influences like Schelling and Solovyov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The discussion of the <strong>heart as epistemological and moral center<\/strong> is both original and clearly connected to broader traditions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>What May Be Difficult or Less Clear<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Abstract Language \/ Dense Terminology<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Terms like <em>cordocentrism<\/em>, <em>pantheistic holism<\/em>, <em>epistemological center<\/em>, or <em>axiological foundations<\/em> are used frequently.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If the reader is not already familiar with <strong>philosophical jargon<\/strong>, they may struggle to follow the full argument.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Holism Not Clearly Defined Early<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The article assumes the reader understands holism. A more <strong>precise early definition<\/strong> would help. Is it metaphysical holism? Epistemological? Methodological?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Integration of Religious Elements<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The connection between the <strong>\u201cdivine heart\u201d<\/strong> and the <strong>systematic holistic model<\/strong> of reality might feel <strong>underexplained<\/strong> or <strong>too metaphorical<\/strong> for some analytic-minded readers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The line between <strong>philosophy and theology<\/strong> could be more clearly marked.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>Summary of Evaluation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Category<\/th><th>Evaluation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Clarity of Core Argument<\/strong><\/td><td>Very clear: the heart is central to a holistic view of the human and divine.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Use of Sources<\/strong><\/td><td>Well-integrated with appropriate scholarly support.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Philosophical Depth<\/strong><\/td><td>Solid, especially in integrating theology, ethics, and epistemology.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Potential Difficulties<\/strong><\/td><td>Philosophical jargon; unclear scope of holism; dense metaphysical-religious fusion.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, I\u2019m clear about what is being discussed: Yurkevych\u2019s <strong>concept of the heart<\/strong> is presented as a <strong>metaphysical, ethical, and epistemological center<\/strong> of human life, which serves as a foundation for a <strong>holistic paradigm<\/strong> of understanding reality and the person. The article argues convincingly that this offers value for contemporary philosophical thought\u2014especially where <strong>integration<\/strong> (not fragmentation) of human nature is emphasized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let me know if you&#8217;d like me to <strong>simplify<\/strong> the article even further for a general audience, or focus more on a specific part (e.g., his theology, ethics, or comparison with other thinkers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>tell me what this philosophy of the heart is using the language of g.r. moore or c.d. broad<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Great question. Using the language and philosophical style of <strong>G.E. Moore<\/strong> or <strong>C.D. Broad<\/strong>, we can restate <strong>Yurkevych\u2019s philosophy of the heart<\/strong> in a way that makes it accessible through the lens of <strong>analytic philosophy<\/strong>, especially with their focus on <strong>clarity<\/strong>, <strong>definition of terms<\/strong>, and <strong>appeal to common-sense intuitions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Using the Style of G.E. Moore:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Common-Sense Ethical Intuitionism<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Moore is famous for the idea that certain ethical propositions are <strong>self-evident<\/strong> or known by <strong>intuition<\/strong> (like &#8220;pleasure is good&#8221;). He also emphasized that we must distinguish between <strong>natural properties<\/strong> and <strong>non-natural<\/strong> ones (the \u201cnaturalistic fallacy\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Rewriting Yurkevych&#8217;s Idea of the Heart (in Moore\u2019s terms):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yurkevych\u2019s claim is that there exists a <strong>non-natural property<\/strong> of the human being which he terms \u201cheart,\u201d and by this he does not mean the physical organ, but rather a <strong>center of value<\/strong>, feeling, and knowledge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This <strong>\u201cheart\u201d<\/strong> is proposed as the <strong>locus of moral awareness<\/strong> and of knowledge not derivable from sensation or pure reason. In Moore\u2019s terms, this would be akin to saying the heart is the <strong>faculty by which we are aware of non-natural moral properties<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Just as Moore argued that \u201cgood\u201d is a <strong>simple, indefinable property<\/strong>, Yurkevych might say that the \u201cheart\u201d is a <strong>primitive faculty<\/strong> of the soul, <strong>irreducible<\/strong> to reason or sensory data, yet foundational to <strong>ethical judgment<\/strong>, <strong>religious experience<\/strong>, and even some forms of <strong>knowledge<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yurkevych appears to believe that humans can directly \u201csee\u201d or <strong>intuit<\/strong> higher realities or divine truths via the heart\u2014just as Moore believes we can recognize moral truths.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Analogy:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>In Moore\u2019s terms:<br>The heart is to metaphysical and moral truth what <strong>sense perception<\/strong> is to empirical truth: a <strong>basic<\/strong>, <strong>irreducible<\/strong>, and <strong>genuinely cognitive faculty<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Using the Style of C.D. Broad:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Introspective Psychology and Layers of Mind<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C.D. Broad was more systematic and scientific than Moore, and more open to <strong>parapsychological<\/strong> and <strong>non-empirical mental phenomena<\/strong>. He was interested in the <strong>structure of mind<\/strong>, and in distinguishing <strong>levels of consciousness<\/strong>, <strong>intentionality<\/strong>, and <strong>modes of knowing<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Rewriting Yurkevych\u2019s Idea (in Broad\u2019s terms):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yurkevych posits a <strong>distinct layer<\/strong> or faculty of the mind\u2014\u201cheart\u201d\u2014which is <strong>neither purely cognitive<\/strong> in the discursive sense (like rational thought), nor purely emotional (like feelings), but an <strong>integrated mode of awareness<\/strong> combining <strong>moral, emotional, and noetic (knowing)<\/strong> capacities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This \u201cheart\u201d may be interpreted as a <strong>non-empirical cognitive faculty<\/strong> that apprehends <strong>axiological (value) facts<\/strong>, <strong>ethical imperatives<\/strong>, and even <strong>divine presence<\/strong>\u2014analogous to what Broad might call a <strong>higher-order mental process<\/strong>, perhaps similar to religious or aesthetic perception.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For Broad, the heart would not be <strong>merely metaphorical<\/strong> but might be classed as a <strong>real faculty of the self<\/strong> that mediates between the intellectual and volitional functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> In Broad\u2019s Terms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yurkevych\u2019s view suggests a <strong>tripartite model<\/strong>:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reason<\/strong>: discursive, abstract cognition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sensation<\/strong>: empirical input.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Heart<\/strong>: a sui generis faculty with both cognitive and emotional intentionality.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Broad might call this an attempt to <strong>reclassify traditional introspective psychology<\/strong>, by identifying a <strong>higher integrative faculty<\/strong> not acknowledged in the usual dichotomy of intellect and feeling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Summary (in Moore &amp; Broad&#8217;s Language)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Concept<\/th><th>Yurkevych\u2019s View (Translated)<\/th><th>Moore\u2019s Frame<\/th><th>Broad\u2019s Frame<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Heart<\/td><td>Core of moral, spiritual, and intuitive knowledge<\/td><td>Non-natural intuitive faculty<\/td><td>Higher-order integrative mental function<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Role in Ethics<\/td><td>Source of knowledge of good, love, and duty<\/td><td>Direct awareness of ethical properties<\/td><td>Faculty for perceiving value and meaning<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Epistemic Status<\/td><td>Not reducible to reason or sense<\/td><td>Irreducible like &#8220;good&#8221;<\/td><td>Distinct mode of knowing (non-empirical)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metaphysical Role<\/td><td>Bridge between human and divine; source of inner unity<\/td><td>(Less emphasized)<\/td><td>Faculty for connecting to transpersonal levels<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Final Thought<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Using the vocabulary and methods of G.E. Moore and C.D. Broad, <strong>Yurkevych\u2019s philosophy of the heart<\/strong> can be seen as a proposal for a <strong>third kind of knowledge or awareness<\/strong>\u2014one that is <strong>intuitive like Moore\u2019s moral sense<\/strong>, but also <strong>structurally integrated like Broad\u2019s layered mind<\/strong>. It\u2019s a <strong>holistic faculty<\/strong>, oriented toward <strong>truth, goodness, and divine presence<\/strong>, which cannot be reduced to logic or sensation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like a further breakdown of how Yurkevych\u2019s &#8220;heart&#8221; contrasts with Kantian reason or empiricism in these terms?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>both<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Excellent \u2014 let&#8217;s now contrast Yurkevych\u2019s <strong>\u201cphilosophy of the heart\u201d<\/strong> with <strong>Kantian reason<\/strong> and <strong>empiricism<\/strong>, using both:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li> <strong>G.E. Moore\u2019s language of ethical intuition and anti-naturalism<\/strong>, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <strong>C.D. Broad\u2019s model of layered cognition and introspective psychology<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Context Recap:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych posits the <strong>\u201cheart\u201d<\/strong> as a real, metaphysical and epistemological center of human being:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is the <strong>source of truth<\/strong>, <strong>love<\/strong>, <strong>moral awareness<\/strong>, and even <strong>religious knowledge<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>irreducible<\/strong> to discursive reason (Kantian \u201cVernunft\u201d) or to sensory experience (empiricism).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>holistic<\/strong>, integrating emotion, intuition, and volition with cognition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> I. CONTRAST WITH <strong>KANTIAN REASON<\/strong> (Vernunft)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In G.E. Moore\u2019s Style:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kant holds that <strong>moral knowledge<\/strong> is based on <strong>pure practical reason<\/strong> and that we recognize the <strong>categorical imperative<\/strong> through rational autonomy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moore would object to Kant\u2019s idea that moral obligation is known <strong>a priori<\/strong> through <strong>abstract reasoning<\/strong>\u2014noting instead that <strong>\u201cgood\u201d is a simple, non-natural property<\/strong>, apprehended directly by <strong>intuition<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705 Yurkevych aligns more with Moore:<br>He claims that we know moral and spiritual truths <strong>through the heart<\/strong>, which is an <strong>immediate<\/strong> form of cognition\u2014not a deduction or abstraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Moore-style summary<\/strong>:<br>&#8220;Kant says: you reason your way to duty.<br>Yurkevych says: the heart already knows duty, as a brute moral fact.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In C.D. Broad\u2019s Style:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kant divides mind into:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Theoretical reason<\/strong> (knowing),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Practical reason<\/strong> (willing),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and <strong>judgment<\/strong> (aesthetic\/moral reflection).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Broad would say Kant\u2019s system <strong>over-intellectualizes<\/strong> moral perception, treating it as a formal structure derived from rational autonomy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych, by contrast, posits a <strong>unified faculty<\/strong> (the heart) that <strong>perceives moral and spiritual truths directly<\/strong>, <strong>without mediation<\/strong> by reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <strong>Broad-style summary<\/strong>:<br>Kant says: the will acts freely through the law of reason.<br>Yurkevych says: the heart <strong>feels and knows<\/strong> the good immediately\u2014an <strong>integration<\/strong>, not a deduction.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> II. CONTRAST WITH <strong>EMPIRICISM<\/strong> (e.g., Locke, Hume)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In G.E. Moore\u2019s Style:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Empiricists like Hume say that all knowledge comes from <strong>sense experience<\/strong> and that moral ideas are <strong>impressions of sentiment<\/strong> (not cognitive truths).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moore critiques this by showing that \u201cgood\u201d cannot be <strong>defined<\/strong> in terms of pleasure or sensation\u2014this is the <strong>naturalistic fallacy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> Yurkevych also rejects empiricism:<br>He argues that sensory knowledge <strong>does not reach the highest truths<\/strong>\u2014only the \u201cheart\u201d perceives love, goodness, and God. These are not <strong>derived<\/strong> from sensory input, but <strong>given<\/strong> directly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <strong>Moore-style summary<\/strong>:<br>Hume says: morals are feelings, not facts.<br>Yurkevych says: the heart gives us access to <strong>moral facts<\/strong>, irreducible to sensations.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In C.D. Broad\u2019s Style:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Empiricists reduce mind to impressions, associations, and logical operations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Broad considers this view <strong>incomplete<\/strong>\u2014he believes the mind has <strong>non-empirical faculties<\/strong>, like memory, introspection, and possibly <strong>extrasensory awareness<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p> Yurkevych fits well into Broad\u2019s critique of empiricism:<br>He claims that there exists a <strong>third faculty<\/strong> (the heart) which is neither reason nor sensation\u2014but a <strong>synthetic<\/strong> and <strong>intentional<\/strong> faculty that can know <strong>non-sensory truths<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <strong>Broad-style summary<\/strong>:<br>Empiricism says: nothing in the mind not first in the senses.<br>Yurkevych says: the heart knows <strong>what the senses never tell us<\/strong>\u2014like the beauty of sacrifice or the presence of God.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> SYNTHESIS TABLE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Aspect<\/th><th>Kantian Reason<\/th><th>Empiricism<\/th><th>Yurkevych&#8217;s Heart (via Moore &amp; Broad)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Epistemic Source<\/td><td>Pure reason (a priori structures)<\/td><td>Sense perception (a posteriori)<\/td><td>Heart as intuitive faculty (neither reason nor sense)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Knowledge of Morality<\/td><td>Categorical imperative via rational will<\/td><td>Feelings or sentiments<\/td><td>Immediate awareness of moral facts (Moorean intuition)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>View of the Soul<\/td><td>Faculties separated (reason, will, etc.)<\/td><td>No soul; mind = impressions<\/td><td>Heart as core of personal unity (Broad\u2019s integrated faculty)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Truth Access<\/td><td>Through reason or deduction<\/td><td>Through observation and sensation<\/td><td>Through direct intuition of higher realities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Relationship to God<\/td><td>Postulate of practical reason<\/td><td>Often excluded<\/td><td>God is directly known through the heart<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Final Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the language of <strong>Moore<\/strong>, Yurkevych\u2019s &#8220;heart&#8221; is the <strong>intuitional seat<\/strong> of moral and spiritual <strong>non-natural properties<\/strong>\u2014irreducible, fundamental, and self-evident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the language of <strong>Broad<\/strong>, the heart is a <strong>higher-order mental faculty<\/strong>\u2014not observable, not empirical, but real\u2014bridging cognition, volition, and value. It goes beyond the scope of both empiricism and Kantian rationalism, pointing to a <strong>broader conception of the self<\/strong> as capable of <strong>spiritual knowledge<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like this restated in a short essay form or developed into a formal philosophical argument?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>so the heart can know god and moral truths?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes \u2014 according to <strong>P. Yurkevych\u2019s \u201cphilosophy of the heart,\u201d<\/strong> the heart <strong>can<\/strong> know <strong>God<\/strong> and <strong>moral truths<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But to be precise, this <strong>\u201cknowing\u201d<\/strong> is not the same as discursive reasoning or sensory perception. Let\u2019s break it down carefully:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> What Does the \u201cHeart\u201d Mean Here?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For Yurkevych, the \u201cheart\u201d is not just:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>An emotional center (as in Romanticism),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nor a metaphor for passion (as in modern psychology).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead, it is a <strong>real, metaphysical faculty<\/strong> \u2014 the <strong>core of the human person<\/strong> \u2014 where thought, feeling, volition, and spiritual intuition are <strong>unified<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> So, What Can the Heart Know?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>God<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The heart <strong>intuitively recognizes the presence of God<\/strong> \u2014 not by inference, but through an immediate, inner experience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This knowledge is <strong>personal<\/strong> and <strong>existential<\/strong>, not merely theoretical.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The heart becomes the <strong>organ of faith<\/strong>, much like how the eye is the organ of sight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <strong>Comparable in Western thought:<\/strong> Pascal: \u201cThe heart has its reasons which reason does not know.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Moral Truths<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The heart <strong>perceives good and evil<\/strong> as real, objective values.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moral truth is not deduced or learned from society, but <strong>grasped directly<\/strong> in the depths of conscience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This makes moral knowledge <strong>self-evident<\/strong> and <strong>binding<\/strong>, like G.E. Moore\u2019s idea of <strong>moral intuition<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> Example: The heart knows the <strong>goodness of compassion<\/strong>, or the <strong>wrongness of betrayal<\/strong>, even before we argue for them.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Key Features of This Knowledge<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th>Description<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Immediate<\/strong><\/td><td>Not derived through reasoning or sensation \u2014 it is <strong>directly grasped<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Synthetic<\/strong><\/td><td>Unites emotion, will, and cognition.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Personal<\/strong><\/td><td>Involves the <strong>whole person<\/strong>, not just the intellect.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Moral-Spiritual<\/strong><\/td><td>Oriented toward <strong>truth, goodness, beauty, and God<\/strong>.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Infallible?<\/strong><\/td><td>No \u2014 Yurkevych allows that the heart can be <strong>distorted<\/strong>, but in its <strong>pure state<\/strong>, it is a reliable guide.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Compared to Reason and the Senses:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Faculty<\/th><th>Can Know God?<\/th><th>Can Know Moral Truths?<\/th><th>Mode of Knowledge<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Reason<\/td><td>Indirectly (e.g., via postulates)<\/td><td>Through deduction (Kant)<\/td><td>Abstract, logical<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Senses<\/td><td>No<\/td><td>Only factual inputs<\/td><td>Empirical, external<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Heart<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Yes<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Yes<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Immediate, inner<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Summary in a Sentence:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>The heart, for Yurkevych, is the spiritual core of the person, capable of directly perceiving both God and moral truth \u2014 not through reason or sensation, but through a higher form of intuitive, unified awareness.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like a visual diagram or a short essay to explain this further?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>is this a form of mysticism? and how does it compare with plantinga&#8217;s views<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes \u2014 <strong>Yurkevych\u2019s \u201cphilosophy of the heart\u201d<\/strong> has <strong>mystical elements<\/strong>, but it is <strong>not pure mysticism<\/strong>. And comparing it with <strong>Alvin Plantinga\u2019s epistemology of religious belief<\/strong> is revealing: both affirm that we can <strong>know God apart from argument<\/strong>, but they differ in how and where that knowledge is grounded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s clarify each and then compare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Yurkevych: Philosophy of the Heart<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Is it Mysticism?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Partially<\/strong>. It <strong>shares traits<\/strong> with mysticism:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Affirms that <strong>God can be known directly<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emphasizes <strong>inner experience<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sees knowledge of divine and moral truth as <strong>pre-rational<\/strong> or <strong>supra-rational<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>But it\u2019s <strong>not full-blown mysticism<\/strong> in the sense of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ineffable, altered states,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Total negation of reason or intellect,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Retreat from metaphysics or theology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yurkevych\u2019s heart is <strong>ontological<\/strong> (a real faculty of the soul),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>normative<\/strong> (the heart in its <em>pure<\/em> state perceives the true and good),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And it is <strong>integrated with theology<\/strong> (e.g. Christian Platonism and Eastern Orthodoxy).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>It\u2019s a philosophically disciplined form of mysticism \u2014 grounded, moral, and rationally defensible, yet ultimately resting on intuitive spiritual knowledge.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Plantinga: Properly Basic Belief<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Claims (esp. in <em>Warranted Christian Belief<\/em>):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Belief in God can be <strong>\u201cproperly basic\u201d<\/strong>, like belief in other minds or the external world.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>That means: it doesn\u2019t need to be inferred from arguments \u2014 it can be <strong>immediate and rationally warranted<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This is made possible by a <strong>\u201cdesign plan\u201d<\/strong>: humans are created with a <strong>\u201csensus divinitatis\u201d<\/strong> (sense of the divine), which is a natural capacity to form beliefs about God.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In Christian belief, this is strengthened by the <strong>internal testimony of the Holy Spirit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Not mysticism:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plantinga&#8217;s view is <strong>epistemological<\/strong>, not mystical.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is no claim to \u201cinner union\u201d or \u201cspiritual depth\u201d \u2014 just a <strong>cognitive mechanism<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>His goal is to show that religious belief is <strong>rationally permissible<\/strong> and <strong>warranted<\/strong>, even without arguments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Comparison: Yurkevych vs. Plantinga<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Feature<\/th><th><strong>Yurkevych<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Plantinga<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Type of knowledge<\/td><td>Intuitive, <strong>spiritual perception<\/strong> of God and moral truth<\/td><td>Immediate, <strong>cognitive belief<\/strong> formed by design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Epistemology or mysticism?<\/td><td><strong>Mystical-rational<\/strong> blend<\/td><td><strong>Reformed epistemology<\/strong> (analytic philosophy)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Faculty involved<\/td><td>The <strong>heart<\/strong> (metaphysical center of person)<\/td><td>The <strong>mind<\/strong> (via <em>sensus divinitatis<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Moral truth<\/td><td>Known <strong>directly by the heart<\/strong><\/td><td>Secondary concern; focus is on <strong>belief in God<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Role of argument<\/td><td>Not necessary, possibly even inferior<\/td><td>Not necessary, but compatible with reason<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Religious tradition<\/td><td>Eastern Christian (Orthodox, Platonic)<\/td><td>Reformed Protestant (Calvinist)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Key Insight:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Both Yurkevych and Plantinga <strong>reject evidentialism<\/strong> \u2014 they believe you can <strong>know God apart from argument<\/strong>. But Yurkevych grounds that knowledge in a <strong>holistic spiritual faculty<\/strong>, while Plantinga defends it through <strong>epistemological models<\/strong> and <strong>natural theology<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>So yes, Yurkevych\u2019s view has <strong>mystical dimensions<\/strong> \u2014 but it\u2019s a kind of <strong>Orthodox Christian rational mysticism<\/strong>, whereas Plantinga\u2019s is a <strong>reformed epistemological defense of belief<\/strong> as <em>rational<\/em> without mysticism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like this comparison visualized in a chart or used in a short paper or dialogue?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>is the heart a posited entity. Is it an argument to the best explanation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Excellent question. Let\u2019s clarify it precisely:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Is Yurkevych\u2019s \u201cheart\u201d a <strong>posited entity<\/strong>, like a theoretical construct inferred to explain something (e.g., in an <em>inference to the best explanation<\/em>)?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>No \u2014 not in the modern scientific or analytic-philosophical sense.<\/strong><br>Yurkevych is not <strong>hypothesizing<\/strong> the heart as a postulated explanatory tool. He is not doing what, say, a cognitive scientist might do when positing a \u201cmodule\u201d in the brain to explain behavior.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> What is the \u201cHeart\u201d for Yurkevych?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>heart is a metaphysical and ontological reality<\/strong> \u2014<br>It is not inferred, but <strong>directly intuited<\/strong> and <strong>described phenomenologically<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He draws on a long philosophical and theological tradition (from the Bible to Plato, Augustine, Pascal, and Orthodox Christian mysticism), where:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The heart is the <strong>spiritual core<\/strong> of the person \u2014 <strong>not the physical organ<\/strong>, and <strong>not merely emotion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is the <strong>seat of conscience<\/strong>, <strong>moral insight<\/strong>, and <strong>intuitive knowledge<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>pre-rational<\/strong>, but <strong>not irrational<\/strong>. It grasps moral and spiritual truth <strong>immediately<\/strong>, without syllogistic reasoning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In its <strong>pure form<\/strong>, it <strong>knows God<\/strong>, the good, and the true.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> The heart is not inferred from experience, like a theoretical particle.<br> It is <strong>revealed in experience<\/strong> \u2014 in conscience, in awe, in love, in moral recognition.<br> Yurkevych would say we <strong>recognize<\/strong> the heart in ourselves, especially through <strong>moral self-awareness<\/strong> and <strong>spiritual perception<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Analogy to Explain the Difference<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>View<\/th><th>Theoretical Posit<\/th><th>Yurkevych&#8217;s Heart<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Like a quark or dark matter<\/td><td>\u2714\ufe0f Hypothesized to explain data<\/td><td>\u274c Not inferred<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Posited to save a theory<\/td><td>\u2714\ufe0f Yes<\/td><td>\u274c No<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Known through reasoning<\/td><td>\u2714\ufe0f Yes<\/td><td>\u274c No<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Known through introspection\/spiritual awareness<\/td><td>\u274c No<\/td><td>\u2714\ufe0f Yes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Is it an Argument to the Best Explanation?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Again, <strong>no<\/strong> \u2014 Yurkevych is not making an abductive argument like:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cWe best explain moral knowledge by positing a heart-like faculty.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>He\u2019s <strong>describing a mode of human awareness<\/strong> that we already <strong>live in<\/strong> \u2014 the heart as the inner \u201cI\u201d or center where we are <strong>most fully human<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This makes his approach closer to <strong>phenomenology<\/strong>, <strong>Christian Platonism<\/strong>, or <strong>moral intuitionism<\/strong>, than to modern naturalistic explanation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The heart is not a posited explanatory hypothesis.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is <strong>an ontologically real, experiential faculty<\/strong>, understood within a metaphysical and theological framework.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yurkevych is <strong>not arguing to<\/strong> the existence of the heart \u2014 he is <strong>unfolding<\/strong> its reality and significance as something <strong>known in moral and spiritual experience<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like a comparison to someone like Pascal or Max Scheler, who say similar things?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>how do you explain the fact that I am not aware of the heart, am i to believe that it is there under my consciousness<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a deeply important question \u2014 and one that Yurkevych, and the broader tradition he draws on, takes seriously. The fact that you (or anyone) may not feel consciously aware of the \u201cheart\u201d in the way Yurkevych describes it <strong>does not discredit<\/strong> the view \u2014 in fact, <strong>it is anticipated by the tradition<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s unpack it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> <strong>Yurkevych\u2019s View (and those like him)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In this tradition, the \u201cheart\u201d is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Not usually at the surface of our awareness<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often <strong>obscured<\/strong>, <strong>dormant<\/strong>, or <strong>distorted<\/strong> by other faculties (e.g., the passions, the intellect, the will, cultural noise)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Most active<\/strong> or accessible in moments of:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deep <strong>moral clarity<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spiritual struggle<\/strong> or awe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Love<\/strong>, conscience, suffering, or repentance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> <em>Your lack of conscious awareness of the heart is not evidence that it isn\u2019t real \u2014 it\u2019s evidence of its obscured or undeveloped state.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This echoes what thinkers like <strong>Pascal<\/strong> and <strong>Augustine<\/strong> said:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe heart has its reasons which reason does not know.\u201d \u2013 Pascal<br>\u201cYou were within me, but I was outside myself.\u201d \u2013 Augustine<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> So Where Is It?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych would say the heart is <strong>there<\/strong>, but:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Latent<\/strong>, <strong>clouded<\/strong>, or <strong>neglected<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Like a <strong>moral-spiritual eye<\/strong> that has been <strong>untrained<\/strong> or <strong>blinded<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Or like a <strong>compass covered by magnets<\/strong> \u2014 still capable of true direction, but needing <strong>purification<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This isn\u2019t just psychology; it\u2019s also <strong>spiritual anthropology<\/strong> \u2014 meaning:<br>It involves not only <strong>mental processes<\/strong>, but also <strong>freedom, conscience, and the condition of the soul<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Analogy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Think of the heart as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>A <strong>compass buried in the soil<\/strong> of your being.<br>You may not see or feel it clearly \u2014 but when the soil is disturbed (by moral crisis, awe, conscience, silence), the needle may start to move.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> So What Activates the Heart?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In Yurkevych\u2019s framework, and the Orthodox Christian one that follows it:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prayer<\/strong>, <strong>silence<\/strong>, <strong>moral struggle<\/strong>, and <strong>sincerity<\/strong> uncover it<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A genuine desire for <strong>truth<\/strong> and <strong>goodness<\/strong> draws it out<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The heart can be <strong>cleansed<\/strong>, <strong>illumined<\/strong>, or <strong>hardened<\/strong>, depending on how you live<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>So if you ask:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cAm I to believe it is there under my consciousness?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych would respond:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Yes \u2014 just as a person unaware of their conscience or moral clarity still <strong>has one<\/strong>, which may awaken in crisis or repentance.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> But Is This Just Religious Rhetoric?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Not necessarily. Even in secular terms, many philosophers (e.g., <strong>Schelling<\/strong>, <strong>Kierkegaard<\/strong>, <strong>Polanyi<\/strong>, or even <strong>Michael Oakeshott<\/strong>) argue for <strong>pre-rational<\/strong>, <strong>personal<\/strong>, or <strong>tacit<\/strong> forms of knowing \u2014 deeper than discursive reason, but real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And <strong>Alasdair MacIntyre<\/strong> or <strong>Charles Taylor<\/strong> would say: modern people often <strong>lose contact<\/strong> with inner moral sources due to cultural fragmentation. That doesn\u2019t mean those sources aren\u2019t real \u2014 just obscured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The fact that you are not aware of the heart does not refute its existence; it may be a <strong>sign of disconnection<\/strong>, not non-being.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurkevych\u2019s tradition would say:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The heart is real, but its voice is often <strong>faint<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can be <strong>reawakened<\/strong>, but only through <strong>moral striving<\/strong>, <strong>interior stillness<\/strong>, and <strong>truthfulness of life<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like a comparison to how this view fits with, say, <strong>Kierkegaard<\/strong>, or a modern secular account of moral intuition?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>yes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Great! Let\u2019s explore how Yurkevych\u2019s idea of the <strong>heart<\/strong> as a hidden, latent source of moral and spiritual knowledge compares with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Kierkegaard\u2019s View<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Modern Secular Accounts of Moral Intuition<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Kierkegaard: The Subjective Truth of the Heart<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kierkegaard<\/strong> famously emphasized the <strong>subjective truth<\/strong> \u2014 the inward, personal relationship with existence and God, not just objective, external knowledge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For him, truth isn\u2019t primarily about detached intellectual certainty but about <strong>existential commitment<\/strong>, <strong>passion<\/strong>, and <strong>faith<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The \u201cheart\u201d in Yurkevych\u2019s sense corresponds to what Kierkegaard might call the <strong>\u201cinner self\u201d<\/strong> or the \u201csubjective spirit,\u201d which is revealed through <strong>anxiety<\/strong>, <strong>despair<\/strong>, <strong>faith<\/strong>, and <strong>authentic inwardness<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Just as Yurkevych says the heart is often obscured or dormant, Kierkegaard\u2019s individual struggles with <strong>despair<\/strong> show how one\u2019s \u201cself\u201d can be <strong>unaware<\/strong> or <strong>alienated from itself<\/strong>, yet capable of <strong>renewal through faith<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For Kierkegaard, <strong>faith<\/strong> is the <strong>leap beyond reason<\/strong>, but this leap is not irrational; it is deeply personal and lived \u2014 a movement of the \u201cheart\u201d that grounds true selfhood.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The heart is not a theoretical entity but a <strong>living, existential reality<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Modern Secular Accounts of Moral Intuition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern philosophy and cognitive science offer several concepts close to Yurkevych\u2019s \u201cheart\u201d without invoking spirituality:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Moral Intuitionism:<\/strong> Philosophers like <strong>Michael Huemer<\/strong> or <strong>Shaun Nichols<\/strong> argue that humans have <strong>immediate, non-inferential moral intuitions<\/strong> \u2014 a kind of pre-reflective moral \u201csense\u201d that guides judgments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These intuitions are often <strong>subpersonal<\/strong> \u2014 below the level of explicit consciousness \u2014 much like Yurkevych\u2019s heart being latent or hidden.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cognitive science points to <strong>tacit knowledge<\/strong> (Michael Polanyi), where we \u201cknow more than we can say,\u201d and ethical knowing is often embodied and implicit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Alasdair MacIntyre\u2019s<\/strong> notion of tradition-embedded moral understanding echoes this: deep moral knowledge is woven into practices and narratives rather than just abstract reasoning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The \u201cheart\u201d could be viewed metaphorically as this <strong>embodied, tacit, affective basis<\/strong> for morality \u2014 not always in the foreground of awareness but crucial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Summary Comparison<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Aspect<\/th><th>Yurkevych\u2019s Heart<\/th><th>Kierkegaard\u2019s Subjective Self\/Heart<\/th><th>Modern Moral Intuitionism<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Nature<\/strong><\/td><td>Spiritual faculty, source of moral &amp; religious truth<\/td><td>Existential self, revealed in faith and despair<\/td><td>Cognitive-affective faculty for immediate moral knowledge<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Awareness<\/strong><\/td><td>Usually latent, hidden under distraction or vice<\/td><td>Often obscured by despair, anxiety; revealed by faith<\/td><td>Often tacit, pre-conscious<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>How it is accessed<\/strong><\/td><td>Through prayer, moral struggle, silence<\/td><td>Through existential crisis, leap of faith<\/td><td>Through reflection, moral experience, cultural formation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Relation to Reason<\/strong><\/td><td>Deeper than reason, complements intellect<\/td><td>Beyond pure reason, subjective commitment<\/td><td>Pre-rational but compatible with reason<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Role of Faith or Belief<\/strong><\/td><td>Central, spiritual intuition of God &amp; moral truth<\/td><td>Central, existential leap beyond reason<\/td><td>Not necessarily religious; grounded in human nature<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yurkevych\u2019s <strong>heart<\/strong> is a <strong>spiritual, ontological faculty<\/strong> that can be obscured but accessed in a deeper, lived way \u2014 much like Kierkegaard\u2019s inward self.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Modern secular philosophy recognizes similar <strong>pre-conscious moral knowledge<\/strong> but tends to avoid metaphysical claims about the soul or God.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Both views agree: much of our moral knowledge is <strong>not explicit<\/strong>, not fully conscious, and <strong>needs cultivation or awakening<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like me to dive deeper into <strong>any<\/strong> of these perspectives? Or perhaps explore some criticisms or challenges to the idea of the \u201cheart\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>criticisms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Sure! Here are some key criticisms of the concept of the \u201cheart\u201d as a hidden or latent faculty of moral and spiritual knowledge, drawing on philosophical, psychological, and epistemological perspectives:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Lack of Empirical Evidence \/ Falsifiability<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Criticism:<\/strong> The \u201cheart\u201d is posited as a hidden, metaphysical entity or faculty that isn\u2019t directly observable or measurable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Problem:<\/strong> Without empirical evidence or clear criteria for verification, it risks being a vague or <strong>mystical concept<\/strong> that can\u2019t be objectively tested or falsified.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Modern philosophy of science often demands that explanations be testable or at least intersubjectively verifiable, which \u201cheart\u201d as a spiritual faculty struggles to meet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Ambiguity and Vagueness<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The term \u201cheart\u201d is often metaphorical and used in many different ways (emotional center, soul, conscience, intuition, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This can lead to <strong>conceptual confusion<\/strong> \u2014 what exactly is meant by \u201cheart\u201d? Is it psychological, spiritual, intellectual, or all of these?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Critics argue that such vagueness weakens the explanatory power of the concept.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Subjectivity and Reliance on Intuition<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Since the heart\u2019s knowledge is <strong>often pre-reflective and subjective<\/strong>, it can\u2019t provide a firm foundation for universal moral or religious truths.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Critics question how <strong>private, subjective intuition<\/strong> can be a reliable guide for knowledge claims that are meant to be universal or objective.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This opens the door to <strong>relativism<\/strong> or <strong>arbitrariness<\/strong> if everyone claims to \u201cknow by the heart\u201d but their insights conflict.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>The Problem of Awareness<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If the heart is a faculty beneath awareness, how can one be certain it is actually functioning properly?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If it is \u201chidden,\u201d how do we distinguish its promptings from mere feelings, desires, or biases?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is a risk of <strong>self-deception<\/strong> or <strong>confirmation bias<\/strong> when attributing one\u2019s inclinations to the heart rather than critically examining them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <strong>Alternative Explanations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cognitive science and psychology offer <strong>naturalistic explanations<\/strong> for moral intuitions and spiritual experiences (brain processes, evolution, social conditioning).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Critics argue that positing a \u201cheart\u201d as a metaphysical source adds unnecessary metaphysical baggage when simpler explanations suffice (Occam\u2019s Razor).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. <strong>Cultural and Religious Specificity<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The idea of the heart as a spiritual faculty often depends on specific religious or cultural traditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Critics point out that this may limit its <strong>cross-cultural validity<\/strong> and raise questions about whether the heart\u2019s insights are truly universal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. <strong>Challenges from Epistemology<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Philosophers like <strong>Moore<\/strong> or <strong>Broad<\/strong> might ask: How do we justify belief in the heart\u2019s knowledge if it can\u2019t be backed by reason or evidence?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The argument from the best explanation might help, but critics can argue that this is not sufficient to establish <strong>epistemic certainty<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary of Criticisms:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Criticism<\/th><th>Explanation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lack of empirical evidence<\/td><td>Not observable or testable, so hard to verify<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vagueness<\/td><td>The \u201cheart\u201d is an ambiguous, overloaded concept<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subjectivity<\/td><td>Reliance on private intuition undermines universality<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Awareness problem<\/td><td>Hiddenness raises questions about reliability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Naturalistic alternatives<\/td><td>Science offers simpler, more parsimonious accounts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cultural specificity<\/td><td>Not necessarily universal or cross-cultural<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Epistemic justification<\/td><td>Hard to justify knowledge claims without evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want, I can also suggest how proponents might respond to these criticisms or how the concept of the heart might be refined to address them. Interested?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">You said:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>response<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ChatGPT said:<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>Absolutely! Here&#8217;s a thoughtful response addressing these criticisms from the perspective of someone defending the \u201cheart\u201d as a faculty of moral and spiritual knowledge:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Response to Criticisms of the \u201cHeart\u201d Concept<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. On Empirical Evidence and Falsifiability<\/strong><br>It\u2019s true that the \u201cheart\u201d as a metaphysical or spiritual faculty eludes empirical measurement, but not all forms of knowledge are empirical. Just as we accept abstract entities like mathematical truths or ethical principles that can\u2019t be empirically tested, the heart might belong to a different category of epistemic faculties\u2014<strong>intuitive or a priori knowledge<\/strong>. The heart\u2019s knowledge is often immediate and non-inferential, which by nature defies scientific instrumentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. On Vagueness and Ambiguity<\/strong><br>The metaphor of the \u201cheart\u201d is admittedly rich and multivalent, but that doesn\u2019t invalidate its explanatory power. Language often evolves from metaphor to technical term as concepts are refined. Philosophers like G. E. Moore or C. D. Broad would encourage clarifying what exactly is meant\u2014whether it\u2019s an epistemic faculty distinct from intellect or a kind of moral sense\u2014but this process takes time and philosophical work. The diversity of meanings might actually point to the complexity and depth of the human moral experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. On Subjectivity and Intuition<\/strong><br>While the heart\u2019s knowledge is subjective in the sense of being first-personal, that doesn\u2019t mean it is arbitrary. Many epistemologists accept <strong>prima facie justified beliefs<\/strong> arising from direct experience or intuition, which can later be subjected to reflective scrutiny. The heart might provide the initial insight or \u201cseed\u201d of knowledge that rational inquiry then cultivates. This is parallel to how sense perception works: immediate, subjective, but still a valid source of knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. On the Problem of Awareness<\/strong><br>Not all cognitive faculties require direct awareness to function correctly\u2014consider subconscious processes in perception and memory. The heart could be a <strong>subconscious epistemic faculty<\/strong>, whose effects become evident through the fruits it produces (moral convictions, spiritual insights). The challenge is developing criteria or practices (like contemplation, prayer, or moral reflection) to better \u201ctune in\u201d to this faculty, improving awareness and discernment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. On Alternative Naturalistic Explanations<\/strong><br>Naturalistic accounts might explain the mechanisms underlying moral intuitions but often fail to account fully for their <strong>normative force<\/strong>\u2014why these intuitions should be trusted as truth rather than mere psychological impulses. The heart as a faculty might provide the necessary normative grounding, giving moral intuitions an epistemic status beyond evolutionary byproducts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6. On Cultural and Religious Specificity<\/strong><br>While the concept of the heart appears in many religious traditions, its core idea\u2014a deeper, non-rational source of moral and spiritual knowledge\u2014is remarkably widespread. This suggests a kind of <strong>transcultural universality<\/strong>. Moreover, just as science progresses by integrating diverse observations, philosophy can seek a refined, cross-cultural understanding of the heart concept that transcends particular traditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7. On Epistemic Justification<\/strong><br>Arguments from the best explanation remain a powerful philosophical tool. If positing the heart provides the best overall account of moral knowledge, religious experience, and the intuition of God, it gains epistemic legitimacy. Moreover, the heart\u2019s role does not exclude reason; rather, it complements it\u2014<strong>reason and the heart working in tandem<\/strong> to produce full knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Thought<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u201cheart\u201d may not yet fit neatly into the framework of modern epistemology or science, but that is partly because it points toward aspects of human knowing that transcend purely rational or empirical modes. Instead of dismissing it outright, philosophers might do well to <strong>expand the scope of epistemology<\/strong> to include these intuitive and spiritual faculties, much as Moore and Broad expanded our understanding of knowledge beyond mere sense data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Would you like me to explore how this defense relates to specific philosophers like Plantinga or even delve into how this might inform contemporary debates in epistemology or philosophy of religion?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Get smarter responses, upload files and imag<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is based on a paper written in Ukrainian, with a translation and argument below. 284 \u00ab\u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb \u2022 \u2116 6 (82) \u2022 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c, 2020 \u0440. \u0424\u0406\u041b\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u00a9 \u0413\u043e\u044f\u043d \u0406.\u041c., \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0437 \u0412.\u041f., 2020 \u0424\u0456\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32839\/2304-5809\/2020-6-82-583 \u0423\u0414\u041a 271.2(092).477(\u042e\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447) \u0413\u043e\u044f\u043d \u0406.\u041c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0437 \u0412.\u041f. \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/2025\/08\/08\/philosophy-of-the-heart-criticism-and-defense\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Philosophy of the Heart: Criticism and Defense&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[60,61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ai-assist","category-philosophy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5381"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5382,"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5381\/revisions\/5382"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ditext.com\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}